Farmers’ perspectives as determinants for adoption of conservation agriculture practices in Indo-Gangetic Plains of India

• Farmers of Trans (Karnal) and Eastern (Samastipur) IGP are now transitioning from conventional to CA systems need policy support, better skills, frequent visits, detailed advice on every component CA. is highly knowledge-intensive drives through various factors, which requires skills gain outcomes. Using more ICT-based tools, Karnal has an advantage over Samastipur in gathering information improved awareness ways up-scale technology. The risk factor was pronounced as they have small landholding susceptible technology failure, requiring assurance terms coverage. needs capacity building training knowledge campaigns, area-specific (localized) for smallholding farmers, support a change agent initiate the second green revolution. Understanding farmer's perspective traditionally been critical influencing adoption out-scaling CA-based climate-resilient practices. objective this study investigate biophysical, socio-economic, technical constraints by farmers Western- Eastern-IGP, i.e., Karnal, Haryana, Samastipur, Bihar, respectively. A pre-tested structured questionnaire administered 50 households practicing Eastern-IGP. Smallholder (<2 ha landholding) 10% 66%. About 46% 8% test soil periodically Results PCA suggest economic profitability health core components motivational Promotion scaling up technologies should be targeted per site-specific requirements, emphasizing biophysical resource availability, socio-economic constraints, future impacts such